degli Studi Sociale ( LUISS) in Rome will host the international conference " Leadership: Leaders and new trends in communication policy ( Leadership: Leaders and new trends in communication Political ) 20 and May 21, 2011. Sponsored by Centre for Media and Communication Studies "Massimo Baldini of that university, Congress has already confirmed the presence of the following investigators: Brian McNair, Sara Bentivegna, Nico Carpentier, Fausto Colombo, Raffaele De Mucci, Sergio Fabbrini Ivor Gaber, Matthew Hibberd, Michael Higgins, Edoardo Novelli, Jo Silvester, Mick Temple, Dario E. Viganò and Katrin Voltmer.
The deadline for submitting proposals is March 15, 2011. More information on the conference web . The contact email is: conference [@] politicalcommunication.co.uk
The Argentine academic Waisbord Silvio, a professor at George Washington University, will deliver the inaugural lecture of the annual meeting of the English Society of Journalism (SEP) , which in 2011 will be held in Valladolid on 5 and 6 May under the title "Political Journalism: New Challenges and new practices."
The deadline for submissions is February 15, 2011. More information on the symposium web .
political scientists and constitutional scholars know well the great theorist of the "state of exception ', the German jurist Carl Schmitt . Said, 'Don Carlos' (as he was known in Spain and Galicia, which had great prestige, he cultivated friendships, including that of Manuel Fraga Iribarne - and found his son, a professor at the University of Santiago) that when note who the real ruler is in times of emergency. For Schmitt the two key policy questions were: "Who decides?" And "Who is the enemy? "The English Constitution of 1978 meets its thirty-second anniversary today calling for the first time in its history, the state of emergency, exceptional measure enacted by the executive to end the strike covert air traffic controllers, who got close English airspace for nearly two days.
controllers crisis must be understood in a broader context, the privatization forced by the fragile financial health of southern Europe and the Eurozone. The Old Continent lives extraordinary moments. Seems to move in the dilemma of the disintegration of the single currency and the strengthening of a proto-federation political soulless or identity (for Schmitt democracy was essentially a system of identity between rulers and ruled). Responding to the needs Schmittian is harder than ever. "Governments decide? Do national or the EU executive without a face? Is there a tangible enemy that serves to define, in contrast, our identity? Or are we fighting an alien species that, like the film, creates more anxiety because it is not visible?
it clear who decided on the exception in the case of drivers, but it is less clear who has induced privatization measures, in part, have fueled the wildcat strike of this group. The Hobbesian Leviathan, the state decision maker and executor, claimed popular legitimacy based on a social contract. The modern Leviathan has no face and its connection to the city is very weak. These are times to reread Schmitt and seriously consider the arguments of a new book, The political history of European integration: The hypocrisy of democracy-through-market (written by Hagen Schulz / Forberg and Bo Strath, published by Routledge ), which defends the idea that the project of a European political federation finally fell out of favor in the 70's, and since then has never really sought political control of the economy, quite the contrary. A thesis in good times may not matter, but must be weighed carefully in this surge of emergency. Reading
Objective: To review the concept of registers of speech, classification of events speech and key aspects of the communicative situation .
Language: is a human ability to communicate through speech.
language or code: conventional system of linguistic signs, arbitrary and collective (created by a particular community of speakers). (Done social)
Speak: the individual use of the sign system of language, by means of oral communication. It is the realization. (Done individual)
communicative situation: The situation is the set of linguistic and extralinguistic elements present at the time of the communication.
Standard language: Refers to the "right" and what everyone knows and uses. V
speech levels: LEVEL
VULGAR
• Use few words. • Short sentences and unfinished. • Use slang. • Messages are disorganized, do not follow a logical order. • Abusing appeals to the interlocutor (the listener). • Talk Like always, do not adapt to communication situations. • use many phrases.
colloquial
• Family Talk. • It is the most commonly used. • It is spontaneous and natural but sometimes has some inaccuracies. • It is very expressive and has many emotional nuances. • Sometimes the pronunciation is neglected.
WORSHIP LEVEL
• Richness of vocabulary. • correct pronunciation, carefully and appropriately. • Messages in a logical order. • Use of cultism (words that come from Greek or Latin).
cult-level languages.
• scientific-technical language. is the one used to talk or write about a particular area of \u200b\u200bscience or culture.
• Literary language. is the highest level of language use. It is very important the content (what is said) and how the message (how to say). Resources used to embellish the language: comparisons, metaphors ...
Jargon: its speakers belonging to certain social or professional groups. Example: youth, underworld, professional jargon
Linguistic variables: basic levels we've seen speech are embedded in a broader classification, determined by different variables and socio-cultural linguistic geographical diatopical Variable: It is known que el español o castellano presenta diversas modalidades en los diversos países de América, como, a su vez, en las distintas localidades o regiones de un mismo país.
Variable socio-cultural o diastrática: En tanto construcción personal puesta en la interacción social, el habla responde a determinantes sociales y culturales, cuestión que nos muestra la heterogeneidad del habla. Esta heterogeneidad lingüística es una fuente de constante cambio, y todo cambio tiene una motivación social y cultural.
Variable estilística o diafásica: La lengua está determinada por la situación comunicativa y la actitud que adoptan los hablantes en esa situación. It can be formal or informal. Affect it: • Gender: differences not only in voice but in the use of vocabulary and social role. • Profession: expression of a group of people who share the same trade. • Age: self-expression of a generation.
SOME FLAWS,
Euphemisms: Express ideas in an indirect and softer, changing bad sounding voices. Example: He went to the quiet patio
Overcorrection: Enforce correction of words or phrases that do not correspond, by generalization of a standard considered cultured. Example: Toballa
Definition and Classification of Speech Acts
speech acts are basic units, minimum or fundamental linguistic communication. The notion of act concerns that the language not only means shares, also made at the time of the utterance itself.
Locutorio: What is said explicitly
illocutionary: What is done to tell
Perlocutorio: What is meant
The act of producing a sentence, a structure words to express a strong mutual influence between sender and receiver. Unintended effects on the listener. is articulate and combine sounds. The enunciation of the phrase itself is an act The statement serves purposes beyond. is evoke and combine the concepts represented by words. Change the status of the interlocutors.
• The structure of an original article or Introduction
or Methods or Results and Discussion
• Other aspects of Article • Error Checking ________________________________________
• The structure of an original article
Introduction The introduction should answer the question of "why this work has been done." Describe the interest to the scientific context of the time, previous studies have been done on the subject and what aspects do not make clear. With the abundance of currently existing review work, the Introduction does not need to be very extensive and can benefit from what is stated in the most recent review on the subject. The Introduction is thus presenting a question, which is in turn as the nexus of research that engages with the body of existing doctrine. And found no end of effort with the surprise that the question has been answered by another researcher early birds, it is necessary (mandatory, however much it costs) to a preceding review. Probably the most expensive part of the work, among other things because there is always the possibility that such review can be concluded that our questions and have answers and, therefore, not worth conducting research. is appropriate that the last paragraph of the Introduction is used to summarize the objective of the study. Material and Methods
In This section answers the question of "how did the study." Once you have seen the reasons why it is worthwhile to undertake the project, think about how to put it into practice, which is very useful the help of an epidemiologist and a biostatistician to avoid wasting efforts on vain. A great project may be invalid or ineffective if not using the proper methodology: you can not carry out a study of causality with a cross-sectional design, it is inefficient to do a prospective, long and costly, if you are looking to just explore a hypothetical cause-effect relationship, rather than with a retrospective, faster and cheaper, can be resolved, saving the prospective study to demonstrate this link. Many studies fail because of flaws in the methodology. If a biostatistician and epidemiologist working in some form in research, should be either rewarded financially, or included among the authors. The material and methods section is organized into five areas: • Design: We describe the experimental design (randomized, controlled, case-control clinical trial, prospective, etc.). • population about which has been made study. Describe the sampling frame and how it has made its selection. • Environment: indicates where has made the study (hospital, primary care, school, etc). • Interventions: the techniques described, treatments (always using generic names), measurements and units, pilot testing, equipment and technology, etc. • Statistical analysis indicates the statistical methods used and how they have analyzed the data. The material and methods section should be sufficiently detailed so that another author can repeat the study and verify the results independently. Results
This section should be the simplest form of writing. Includes tables and figures, by themselves, should be able to clearly express the results of the study. There are important journal editors say unequivocally that the best text for this section should be simply "the study results can be seen in Table 1." The results should serve two functions: • Give the results of the experiments described in the Materials and Methods. • Present the evidence to support such results, whether in the form of figures, tables or in the same text. The results should be visible and understood quickly and clearly. It is for this reason that the construction of this section must begin with the preparation of tables and figures, and only then write the appropriate text based on them. The first paragraph of this text should be used to summarize in a sentence concise, clear and straightforward, the finding of the study. This section should be written using the past tense. Though largely used the passive voice or impersonal ("has been found that some editors prefer ...") and every time it is more likely to use active voice in the first person plural (" we have seen that ... " ); the end of the credit goes to the authors and there is no reason to hide it. Discussion
This section is the heart of the manuscript, where most readers will after reading the summary (though experts recommend that after reading the title, the first thing to read the material and methods) and most complex section of developing and organizing. Some suggestions may help: • Begin the discussion with the answer to the question of the Introduction, followed immediately by the evidence shown in the results that corroborate. • Write this section in this (these data indicate that ") because the findings of work are considered as evidence. • Bring out clearly and comment rather than concealing, the anomalous results, giving an explanation as consistent as possible or simply saying this is what has been found, although at present no explanation display. If it does not the author, surely will the editor. • speculative and theoretical imagination and logic. This may stir the interest of readers. • Include recommendations as it deems appropriate, if appropriate. • And, above all, avoid taking more conclusions from their results allow, as much as these findings are less spectacular than expected or desired. Other aspects of the article
The title should be short, concise and clear. The most effective less than 10 words and should not contain abbreviations or acronyms. All acronyms used in the text must be followed, the first time you mention, in a break with its meaning. It is advisable that the title should be written after writing the core of the manuscript (introduction, materials, methods, results and discussion). Titles can be informative ("High incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers) or indicative (" Incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers.) The summary provides an overview of the work. If it is audit work, usually descriptive summary (Briefly describe what the content of the work and results or conclusions not mentioned), if it is original work, the summary is comprehensive (briefly reported in all sections of work , including results and conclusions.) This comprehensive summary can be structured (with the sections: objective, design, setting, subjects, results and conclusions) or unstructured, in which the information is usually given in two or three paragraphs. Note that in the structured abstract, the introduction is replaced by objective, the Discussion and Conclusions Material and Methods "is separated into its components. The most common mistakes in writing the summary are: • clearly raise no question too long • • be too detailed
The keywords will be from 3 to 10, if your number is not already specified in the Instructions for Authors "and selected to be possible from the list of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), the Index Medicus or the English Medical Index. Thanks are positioned at a location determined by the publisher of the journal "Instructions for Authors" can be on the first page or at the end of the discussion. Should be included in the acknowledgments, but not among the authors, who without being authors or co-authors in the strict sense have assisted technique (laboratory technicians, secretaries, etc.) Or have been invaluable moral support (the head of a Department, etc..). The bibliography will be cited as the rules required by the journal they have chosen. Except in cases of publications of great historical significance, appointments must be recent, not more than 5 years in case of a review paper. This legislation usually follows fairly evenly in the Vancouver. • For the citation of shows the following order: Name or authors, to a maximum of six, separated by commas, with your surname and initials without periods (except after the last initial of the last author). If the number exceeds six, you have to write the first six and add "et al." Abbreviation for the Latin "et alii" meaning "and others." If the author is a committee, put the name of the Committee. or job title, finished with one point. or Biomedical journal, as shorthand expression as found in the Index Medicus, which follows without any intermediate score, the or Publication Year, "a semicolon," Volume, "open parenthesis, number or month of issue ( this may be omitted if the consecutive pagination of the volume is), "close parenthesis", "two points", pages article (the first and last, but the last page can be provided with only the last digit if the first were equal to the first page). • If it chapters of books in which several authors have collaborated quoted as follows: or Authors Chapter or Chapter Title or Authors of the book (called "publishers" in Anglo-Saxon terminology), or Book Title
or City is printed or editorial has published or Year of publication
or pages ( first and last) chapter Examples: 1-International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 424-5 2-Weinstein L, Swartz MN. Pathologic properties of Invading microorganisms. In: Sodem WA, editor. Pathologic Physiology: Mechanisms of disease. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974:457-72. addition to the rules Vancouver, there are rules for citation of publications in the scientific literature, according to the American Psychology Association. Error Checking
• Is sent to the right journal? • Are all the instructions that the editor of the magazine suggests? • Are the authors really deserve the credit for the work? • Is the abstract too long or too complex? • Is properly structured core of the work (introduction, material, methods, results, discussion? • Is the recent literature and cited in accordance with regulations of the magazine? • Are under the citations in the text with quoting? • Is Conclusion respond to the question posed in the Introduction? • Do draw the appropriate conclusions to the results obtained and no more? • Are tables and figures readily understandable and summarizes the results? • Are the Introduction and Conclusion written in the present, and the material and results in the past?
The World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR, its acronym in English) held in Segovia a seminar on 17 and 18 March 2011 . The deadline for submitting propuestas para ponencias y paneles es el próximo 1 de diciembre de 2010. A continuación reproducimos la Call for Abstracts. Más información en la web de WAPOR :
Call for Abstracts, WAPOR Regional Seminar
"Transnational Connections – Challenges and Opportunities for Communication and Public Opinion Research"
Segovia, Spain March 17-18, 2011
The World Association for Public Opinion Research will hold a spring regional seminar, “Challenges and Opportunities for Communication and Public Opinion Research” as part of the international Transnational Connections symposium series in Segovia, Spain.
We invite scholars and practitioners with sociological, psychological, political science and/or communications science background to submit abstracts and panel proposals that revolve around the main conference topics:
* Media coverage and public opinion – antecedents and consequences * Polarization, fragmentation, and conflict * New media, public opinion and political participation * Deliberation, political discussion, social network heterogeneity * Media exposure, selectivity * Public opinion (mis)perception * Non-political media and public opinion * Social movements and grassroots organizing * Electoral campaigns and public opinion * Studying public opinion in challenging environments * Novel approaches to studying public opinion
Abstracts should include a general description of the research paper or panel (research topic, questions or hypotheses, methods and results), up to 5 keywords as well as full contact information (mailing address, e-mail address and telephone number) and affiliation for each co-author on a separate sheet. The abstract should not exceed 500 words.
J.F. Kennedy, al que suponemos en los cielos (After a very long passage through purgatory), owes more than his victory in the presidential elections of 1960 the then mayor of Chicago, the old Richard Daley, that famous first televised debate against his rival Nixon 50 years ago. Kennedy won the election by just over 100,000 votes , with Illinois and Texas swing states in his victory. Illinois took him with the help of Daley, patronage networks pharaoh of Cook County, the county where sits the city of Chicago. Texas won in large part thanks to Lyndon B. Johnson, Kennedy's vice-presidential candidate, which raised more sympathy in the south than Massachusetts heartthrob himself. James L.
Baughman , a journalism professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, reminds us that the myth of the debate should be more destabilizing to the epic that is attributed to the famous book by Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1960 , than reality. The debate was important, but not as decisive as people think. Kennedy served to win in recognition among the electorate. Polls after the first game it was declared the winner cathode, but voters remained divided, faithful to their nominee, to the end. Perhaps the biggest mistake of Nixon (other than accept the debate itself) was to keep his promise to campaign in all 50 states. If the day before the election would happened in Texas and not in Alaska, the course of history might have changed. Also remember that a knee infection kept him hospitalized for twelve days, just before the first of three televised debates. Moreover, Nixon drew level with Kennedy in the second debate, and even won, according to surveys, the third.
There is an old sociological principle which states that 'what seems real, even if it is, has real consequences. " The Kennedy-Nixon debates are a good example. Despite its limited impact on voters' minds, the legend of his influence debates deprived of the Americans for 16 years until the duel Ford-Carter in 1976. If the presidential debates have been recorded as usual in the USA is the nation's democratic pedigree, but because they think they can serve to unbalance hotly contested election (as is often almost every U.S. presidential).
Tomorrow, Sunday, marking the 50 anniversary of the legendary first debate, the Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago (which for five years asks for donations to finance its new headquarters in full Loop) will hold a roundtable in the participation, among others, Newton Minow (negotiator of the debate, former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and author of the famous speech in which defined television as a "Vast wasteland " vast wasteland-a-) and Sander Vanocur, one of the four journalists who were asking questions at the inaugural debate. Past
ephemeris, the mythomaniacs like to know that Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum , near Boston, offers a recreation of the legendary televised debate in September, with which illustrates this post.
Building the congress of the Association for Communication Policy (ACOP) held in Bilbao last June, the program 'Weekly Report' English TV carried a report titled ' power strategists' on the job of the consultants in political communication and government communication in times of crisis. The document can be a good teaching resource for an introductory seminar on political marketing.
Annenberg Library of the University of Pennsylvania has made available to researchers the personal file of academic George Gerbner (1916-2006) , a key figure in studies on TV violence. He coined the term "mean world syndrome 'to refer to the distorted vision of the real world that a viewer may have to believe that the outside world is as violent as that reflected on the TV. It is the now famous "cultivation theory ', which holds that our social and personal imagery is highly influenced by the imaginary television. Of great prestige in the American Conservative (for that to find an excuse to censor television content), the theory of cultivation would be harshly criticized by Paul M. Hirsch, for whom the causal relationship between viewing and beliefs advocated by Gerbner was far from conclusive.
juiciest documents are only available on paper, but the library is open to visits Annenberg researchers. For now, we are satisfied with the rich collection File photo in its digital version .
production and consumption of online news reporting and the ' value creation' for the newspaper business in digital are areas of research in full swing. Notable for its comprehensive work professor at Northwestern University Pablo Javier Boczkowski, in September published his second book, entitled News at Work: Imitation in an Age of Information Abundance (University of Chicago Press, 2010). Boczkowski studied simultaneously the trenches of digital journalism production and consumption of press in post-modern work environments for, as stated in the advance of his book, offer a paradoxical conclusion: the diversity of news is even lower than in the paper was (all digital media copy each other) and, worse still, the reading public seems to demand it. The work is also enriched with comparative notes between the U.S. and Argentina. The June 16 Boczkowski participated in a panel discussion on ' The market for media coverage on the web ', organized by the Social Media Club France at La Cantine in Paris, coinciding with the publication of the latest issue of the journal Réseaux (Communication - Technologie - Société ) , which addresses the state of research on online journalism.
Regarding this issue, the magazine The Atlantic published in its June 2010 report on Google's alleged efforts to save the newspaper business. In the article, by veteran journalist James Fallows, highlighting an intriguing fact: the quality journalism seems to succumb to the criteria of the most popular search engine on the internet. A summary of the situation on a specific topic in Wikipedia is more likely to be among the first results of a Google search for the latest news on the subject published by the New York Times , Le Monde or El Pais . The results of the search engines are predominant thematic content compared to episodic, hence the recent experiment of Google and some chief American press called Living Stories , which allows creating a news group kind of topic page maintained by the newspaper itself digital. As examples, we highlight the topic pages on health reform the Washington Post and the climate change of N ew York Times . The source Living Stories is freely available to any digital medium you want to use.
Academic research and testing professional. Perhaps those are the keys to understanding the present and win the future.
The well known philosopher German Jürgen Habermas, professor emeritus at the University of Frankfurt, will receive on Wednesday, June 16 , Ulysses Medal from University College Dublin . In an interview Paul Gillespie of the Irish Times , Habermas criticizes Chancellor Angela Merkel for having squandered his reputation by sacrificing the stability of the European Union by the expectation of domestic electoral gains. The following is the conversation fragments that allude to issues of political communication:
Paul Gillespie: Political communication and a deliberative public sphere at the center Are of your philosophical reasoning. What role does this imply for quality media?
Jürgen Habermas: It is easier to detect the mote in the eye of the other than the beam in one’s own. This is why the destruction of political communication in the United States in particular – a case in point being the ideological indoctrination of the population during the debates over [President Barack] Obama’s health care reform – is more apparent to us Europeans. But the breakdown of public discourse is also progressing quite rapidly in our own countries. The major national newspapers, which played a decisive role in forming political opinion over the past century-and-a-half, have come under economic pressure and have yet to find a business model that would ensure their survival on the internet.
PG: Is there a case for public subsidy schemes to protect them from the effects of market rationalisations?
JH: In contrast to commercial television, the programming of the public broadcasting companies has not yet completely lost sight of the fact that its audience is not only composed of consumers but also of citizens. They are even bound by law to offer their audience not just entertainment but also information, education, and cultural programmes, and thus to provide solid underpinnings for the formation of independent political opinions. On the other hand, this BBC – or, in Germany, ARD and ZDF – model is not easy to apply to newspapers, which have to secure their independence in the private sector. But we should all wake up to the fact that the disappearance of an argumentative press represents an extremely acute danger for democracy. There are isolated experiments that seek to combine public subventions for the leading press with guarantees of their ongoing editorial independence. We should put such experiments on a broader footing before the New York Times or Le Monde or El País or the Frankfurter Allgemeine are rationalised out of existence or go bankrupt.
[…]
PG: The economic crisis puts public discussion of European integration at the centre of political debate. Can this politicisation of mass public awareness contribute to a deeper political union of the EU?
JH: In every country the tabloid press is eager to exploit any opportunity to foment nationalistic and xenophobic prejudices. In Germany, the Greek crisis provoked the Bildzeitung to such excesses, and the politicians allowed themselves to be carried away by this climate of opinion. Especially in times of crisis, reasonable proposals can gain the upper hand only if the national press keeps a clear head, together with the government and the major political parties. It should not let itself be taken in by populist slogans and it must maintain a halfway deliberative climate in the country. In the final analysis, it is the responsibility of the Political Parties to Ensure That The Population Does Not succumb to fear ITS Reflexes and That It Makes Decisions Reflecting on only after long-term Its Own Interests. But leave me past Experiences Sceptical. To date There Has Not Been a European single election or referendum in Any Country That Was not ultimately about National Issues and tickets. Habermas
deliver a lecture on Tuesday titled "The Political : The Rational Meaning of a Questionable Inheritance of Political Theology" at six o'clock in the afternoon at the Clinton Auditorium, University College Dublin.
MUCH "bad writing? A large financial institution in the country, tells me a former student who works there, was not long ago a request in writing of its American branch, this branch of the plant required a computer program to help them manage their specific processes. Our former students be responsible for designing and developing this little program, however, from the beginning there were difficulties: the text did not indicate specifically what should make the software in question. Calls were made for clarification, were sent emails, asked questions, virtual meetings were convened. A second text was central to the requirements "specified" for the program. Our systems engineer, with the help of two colleagues, engaged for three months to produce. When he reached the hands of the subsidiary is that ... was not what I had requested. In the end, the second text was so ambiguous and confusing as the first. Further clarifications, new emails, heated arguments, recriminations, accusations and bickering. I think situations like this are very, very common in the workplace, the bad writing, like all skills that performs poorly, it has its consequences. They are not easy to calculate, because there is still no research specifically dedicated to clarify this point, however, some considerations can be made, since it is clear that one of its most important effects is the waste of money, time and energy; In other words, poor writing leads to significant costs on business. The first one is related to the negative image that is associated with an institution whose workers, particularly the first and second level, make spelling mistakes. There is damage most important, but it has its weight. Compared with current total quality standards, presentation of business documents accent accompanied by errors in words of common usage, simply cause a reaction of shock and denial, because deep down we sense that this deficiency is only the tip of the iceberg announces and reveals major problems. However, poor writing is not just a mediocre performance in the use of the spelling or the tilde, in fact, bad writing is one that does not solve the problems that give rise to the act of writing, it fails the purposes for which a text is designed to not affect or change the audience for which it is intended. should be noted, in fact, that writing is not a free action, but a behavior that begins to approach a problem and whose objective is precisely to resolve it. The problem can be very simple: our account debited to an expense that we make, and we must seek clarification from the bank, but can become very complex and sophisticated, as when we have to convince a board of directors, obsessed with the budgetary control, to increase the amount allocated to our department. The point is that at the root of writing there is a conflict, a difficulty: "... if There Were no problem there Would Be No Need for your report. To write the report Without Explaining the problem That Gave rise to it-as do Many writers curiously, is to leave out the reason for the whole thing. "[1]. Bad writing happens long before this event, so that the meaning of the act of writing away miserably. The wording is poor another delicate aspect: it is done blindly, in other words, instead of word-processing takes place in terms of objectives, the ideas in a bad writing just "happens" without apparent justification. Misspelled means to raise a number of thoughts, data, information, without articulating, for the specific composition, a primary purpose and in several secondary or ancillary. In contrast, if you are going to write a letter, a memo, a proposal or a report, you should know sooner, if possible, before you write, what is the aim in the text. [2] Finally, bad writing is guilty of reckless, ie is no question not addressed the needs of the audiences it is intended. I mentioned the hearings, because as Paul says Anderson, in the business rarely writes for a single person, the letters are actually intended for a wide variety of readers, both colleagues in the same range as lower and upper level; specialists and laymen also, external and internal. This author indicates that the reports may have a little more than three readers and first-level executives who approved its contents, more than two readers that transmit the information it contains, more than fifteen to take concrete action from it and about ten just read it. [3] In sum, what is the cost of bad writing? Could be expressed thus: unresolved problems, goals not achieved, unreached audiences. Can you translate this to dollars and cents? It is not easy, because as I said at first there is no research to provide us with accurate information, but only in order to mark a contrast comment on the case of an agency dedicated to editing and proofreading. Mathes and Stevenson [4] describe the amount that this company charged about fifteen years ago for his work. Point, in fact, that for a 30-page report, the company estimated a cost equal to $ 21.00 dollars per sheet. This, however, was not all the price is multiplied by a "constant cost" that depended on the qualities of the manuscript, ie, whether the text would be reviewed showed qualities associated with good writing this "constant cost" era equal to 0.6. So a good review and edit written final cost to $ 378.00 dollars. But if the manuscript was dominated by bad writing the "constant cost" was equal to 2.7, so it was hard to correct a bad text, finally, $ $ 1,701.00, which is four times more. Dollars are the eighties, but the ratio between the cost of poor writing and of good writing, at 4 to 1, is very eloquent. I mention that probably in our third world country, where the price of labor, whether manual or intellectual, is heavily punished, the proportion should be different, perhaps 2 to 1 or, in the best possible, of 2.5 to 1. As proof of this assumption I can only mention, in the absence of solid evidence, the case of a friend mine copyeditor who is willing to review a piece for the equivalent of a dollar in its current price (approximately eleven dollars), but this is only binding to review spelling words, not the bulk of the bad writing, but the tip of the iceberg. If you want a more elaborate correction is not willing to receive less than 2.5 dollars, because in most cases this type of review involves completely redo the text. Finally, it is clear that misspelling has a price and therefore I think that if we belong to a company that weaknesses in written communication is clear and consistent, we must ask how we are paying this price, that is, how we are paying the cost of poor writing. For more information on the subject, please write to: ehd.cem @ servicios.itesm.mx
________________________________________ [1] Mathes, J. C & Dwight W. Stevenson. Designing Technical Reports. pg. 29 [2] Gloria Sanz. Learning to write notes. pg. 24 [3] Anderson, Paul V. "What Survey Research Tells Us about Writing at Work." pg. 57 [4] Mathes & Stevenson. Ob. cit. pg. 202
"... not having problems you report should not be necessary. When writing a report without explaining what was the problem that caused it - as do many writers, curiously - is leaving out the reason for everything
The is considered as the first bullet in the history of the United States of America is one in which it shows a snake cut into pieces under the title " Join, or die ." Posted by none other than Benjamin Franklin in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1754, drawing has been used for various reasons since its first appearance, with its original intention of stirring up the American colonies to unite against the French and Indians. Over time, the bullet has been with the unit calls to U.S. federal, confederal against the vagaries of advocating for greater differentiation between its states. The current European crisis becomes relevant application to our old continent.
Europe is not a nation but a cluster of nations, said the famous Salvador de Madariaga-European. That is the drama of Europe, which so preoccupied the founding father Altiero Spinelli: a continent that needs to be united to be competitive in the global world, but that does not have a collective identity strong enough to form a government under the people ( democracy). The current crisis is a litmus test for Europe: if the Greeks and English are able to accept reforms induced by Germanic Iron Lady, the idea of \u200b\u200ba European president elected by universal suffrage will be a little less impossible.
The Anglo-Saxon media commentators as James Surowiecki or Niall Ferguson is clear: Spain and Greece are not much worse than California or Michigan. But the latter states within a federation that makes financial transfers where necessary, and have a Federal Reserve can buy public debt, unlike the European Central Bank, gripped by a clause in the Treaty of Lisbon which will help to explicitly prevent a member state.
The European project has always been indirect, cold and gray. As if Monnet and Schuman knew that European unity ever be achieved with calls to popular involvement (Spinelli model), but co-opted by national elites and the famous functional integration (slow economic sector) rather than a clear division of powers in a constitution legible.
Complexity is the inevitable consequence of the diversity is generally thought. The European ideal defends the compatibility of the small (of the nearly three hundred regions or nations of Europe) with large (a common market of 500 million people, the largest in the world). Is it possible to maintain that balance?
In a recent and very interesting book ( Euro-clash: The EU, European identity, and the future of Europe, Oxford, 2008), sociologist Neil Fligstein defends the idea that Europe is divided between a new and emerging European purely class (business woman who travels almost daily on the Eurostar and has made three security numbers Social as many European countries, or Erasmus student who is working in the country of destination) and another class Europeans (perhaps the majority) who only see their life within the confines of the old nation-state, which are asking for protection in the midst of financial turmoil that plagues us. The first would be prepared for a European market in which a Dutchman I can snatch a university teaching position, because they know they can do the same in Rotterdam. The latter are in the new Europe a futile illusion, the Trojan horse of the dreaded neo-liberalism, or a replay of Hitler or Napoleon's conquests in command of a faceless bureaucracy.
Are Europeans prepared to revive the old dream of the United States of Europe? Or prefer a non-elected technocracy review the accounts of the states before they ratify them in their parliaments, in order to maintain administrative fiction that nothing has changed? The debate between the two Europes (the dynamic that calls for freedom and mobility against the reactionary, asking for protection and safety) fascinates Americans (Fligstein is a professor at California-Berkeley ), but seems to elude the Europeans themselves. How long?
Marbling is the term used to describe the intramuscular fat (fat contained between muscle fibers) that are visible as white spots, have an impact on the quality of the tasting of the court, and that gives it its three main features: juiciness, smoothness and flavor. It is the main factor determining the quality of the meat. If an American court missing any of these three features we can say that the term is misused and is not an American court Marbling is also used as a basis for the classification of meat, so the more marbling present American cut its quality is higher. The classification of meat according to the degree of marbling is: PRIME
• Also known as moderately abundant. • marbling is the highest quality. • It is considered that only 2% of cattle are suitable for a cut of this quality. CHOISE
• It features a slightly abundant marbling. MODESTO
SELECT or • Features a modest marbling • This quality is considered low for an American court STANDARD
• There is a slight marbling • Characterized by an American court hard and dry with little flavor.
The classification of meat quality by the degree of marbling also we see represented in the pyramid below
Quality Choice or slightly rich is divided into 2 parts: Upper and Lower, this is because standards Canadian and American quality programs handle ensuring high quality choice for prime, choice and a low can be select.
In this case we will give you some tips to help you write with ease and know you're communicating well.
To start writing, first we lose fear of the blank page and decide! But first: We must be clear what we want to express. And also bear in mind who want to write that we think. Since it is not our thoughts or write a love letter to a protest or a job application.
Each of them has special characteristics that make it different.
initiatives seek to develop a brief on our thoughts about something. As surely few people will read it (almost always write to clarify our ideas) then we can express ourselves more freely than if we write a letter of recommendation.
The first thing to write is the title, which should give us an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat we will try. It is always better a short title, full of mystery that invites a reading that long to explain to us all that we say. For example, say you want to write what we think about the music, the genres that we like and our favorite singers and groups.
First, we must decide what is more important: the music in general. Musical genres (ranchero, rock, banda, Colombian vallenato, etc.). Or our singers and favorite bands. We decided that we will talk about music in general and why we like it, but we also want to talk about our favorite genres and artists. Then we can start writing: MUSIC Mmmm ... is veeeeeeeeery general. Try another: what music means to me. Mmmm ... is too long and explanatory. Can be improved together the two previous proposals and wrote: My favorite music. Perfect!
Now we start the text so emphatic, with a conclusive statement (or input) explain that after several statements that supplement or explain. Any of these entries are correct: I think the music ... I think the music ... I believe that music ... Well, we complete the first idea. My favorite music I think music is very important to our lives. Right. As already stated the most important idea, now just need to invent other lines that complement or explain. Could be: My favorite music I think music is very important to our lives because we came in our work, making work more pleasant in the field or household chores. In addition, music and messages we communicate feelings that move us and make us think. So far we have expressed the most important but we also want to talk about gender and artists, is not it?
That tells us ... is time to change paragraphs. Why? Because let's talk about something different but related topic. So we have two paragraphs: Paragraph 1: The most important thing. Paragraph 2: Genres. Paragraph 3: Singers and groups. Paragraph 4: Conclusion.
Yes, we need to finish a paragraph let us note the findings of our thoughts and topped with something shocking. So we have: my favorite music.
I think the music is very important for our lives for us in our work, making work more pleasant in the field or household chores. In addition, music and messages we communicate feelings that move us and make us think.
I love the mariachi music and the "old lady" (as boleros or danzón, because that was what my parents listened to), sometimes in the mood to dance I like the Colombian vallenato and cumbias but nothing excited me a while because my favorite, no doubt, is the Grupero.
I am excited when Alicia Villarreal pujidito sings with that is it very well, as a child Snuggle but nothing compares to a live concert with Bronco, Lupe on guitar singing these songs of love so beautiful. And what but I put the Buki Mayor Marco Antonio Solis? And what I say about Los Temerarios?
So for me, music is one of the best things in life. And we have our makeup done.
Source: cca.org.mx
More tips for writing good Written by Angel Romero The best style is precise: accuracy is the highest quality that can look the writer. Following this basis, some very important are the conciseness and brevity, clarity and elegance or ornamentation. No such virtues can shine without an imperative: the correction.
Writing is the last task for a writer: first you have to do a draft and obscure corrections (the so-called "punishment") it will be taken in writing, a final clean.
The DRAFT consists of invention, or search for materials in the sources, disposal or management of them in the order most suitable to the purpose, and adornment, ie elegant and pleasing to the text to the rhetorical imagination, wit, grace, allusions to current and imagination.
Made the draft, put them through the following operations (the so-called "punishment" or style debugging): Replace -repeated words of the precise wording of synonyms or elimination. Search -ambiguous words in your writing and replace them with more accurate words. -Prefer the prefix adjective postponed. -Delete adverbs in-mind or replaced by a prepositional phrase. -Remove the links where they may be replaced by punctuation: this allows for more flexibility and conciseness. -Reduce longer expressions, replace them as accurate, but shorter. -Eliminate rhymes and cacophony: the singsong irritate and distract the reader. -Removing the inconsistencies, that is, phrases that do not follow logically from the above and make them appear sloppy writing the letter. Prefer -verb-noun and noun to adjective. Skip , vulgar or colloquial: "good", etc ... -Delete circumlocutions or rodeos or put something substantial in place. "No introductions : remove time, get to the point, avoiding expressions like" I think, I think, I think that ...", etc ... Avoid long transitions from one idea to another using punctuation. -Place missing accents your wording. -Avoid the words too imprecise or "words trunk" because they have a very general sense signifying nothing "thing", "having", "do ...". Also the repeated catch phrases or expressions themselves: "such and such," and all that "eiusdem palotis. "Do not let unfinished sentences ... poverty suggests lexicon. -corrects the inconsistencies between subject and verb, noun and adjective, etc ... -Use more accurate verb tenses. -Find examples and arguments to support each of your points of view: Do not let theses or opinions without arguments or evidence after the warrant. If not, the writer of the text seems childish. -Order your arguments from simple to more complex or vice versa. -In enumerations, follows the alphabetical order. The series -ins, arrange them by extension from shortest to longest or vice versa. -Ensure that your prayers more or less the same length and are symmetrical. A good resource is to use pairs of words or phrases linked by a conjunction: it gives precision and rhythm to the sentence. -arrange your data in chronological order when a purpose. -Places to top phrase of the same (phrase or word) that most interests you highlight. "When you want to be clear, always follow this order: subject, verb, complements (and accessories arrange them from highest to lowest in extension or vice versa). -Place adverbs as close as possible to the verb, possibly later. Formula -theses or views which may be screened on a proposed topic and choose the most are in line with your criteria. Simula -small uncertainties, become rhetorical questions. A rhetorical question is a good way to start. Always start modestly as you head toward groups of people. -Separate your writing into paragraphs. The presentation of a whole continuous sight and suggests fatigue disorder. -enter each of your paragraphs with indented first line initial. (A bleeding is more blank spaces) -Put a large double room to the left of the writing that right.
Researchers have very clear rules for presenting the results of our studies, we began with the introduction, literature review and the statement of the hypothesis, we then explain the method, the analysis and interpretation of results, concluding with the recognition of the limitations of the study, and suggesting ideas for future research. However, the qualitative tradition inherited from the Chicago School of Sociology has always insisted on the need for anthropological reports are as entertaining as a novel. Not surprisingly, the father of the school, Robert Park, was a reporter calling and put urban newspaper titles purely sociological investigations of their colleagues. Rolf Lindner remembered him in his delightful essay The Reportage of Urban Culture: Robert Park and the Chicago School (Cambridge University Press, 1996), which strongly recommend reading.
Professor Stephen Coleman of Leeds University, in collaboration with his colleague Steve Bottoms, Professor of Theatre at the same institution, has gone one step further. Is presenting the results of its investigation into the reasons for political participation by citizens in the form of play. Thus, interviews with people of diverse conditions (from inmates to single mothers, to businessmen or members of a golf club) are dramatized for the public in the work Counted , represented these days in the West Yorkshire Playhouse Leeds City, after its premiere in London on April 15, on the eve of the British election.
Coleman Research be published in book form next year, but the teacher has already made some of its findings in The Guardian : "It is when people think they can change things through their words, actions and their votes that democracy takes a practical meaning. "In addition, citizens feel that the mere vote" is a very weak connection between them and the people who claim to represent. "They want something more than" the ability to mark a cross on a piece paper, "want" more reliable information, opportunities for public discussion, and participation in policy design public. "Democracy, sentencing Coleman," not just about structures, mechanisms and rules, but also in the sense of being recognized and the psychological reward of having the same voice as everyone else. "
The theater has been since initially an escape valve for social protest. Works like Counted show that it can be an original vehicle for the presentation of the results of an ethnographic research.
Rumors have received little attention from researchers political communication. Perhaps because the nature of the talk is indeed particular: its origin is often unknown as destructive as is their movement. On the day the English stock market has plummeted by rumors that Spain is in a situation not unlike that of Greece, comes to mind giving notice of the recently published book by Cass R. Sunstein rumor mill: How to spread falsehoods, why we believe them and what can be done (Ed. Debate, 2010).
Sunstein is known among political scientists for their studies on the political polarization that favors Internet, the most cited of all the entitled Republic 2.0. In his new book, the lawyer at the University of Chicago reflects on the unusual attention and credibility that were hearsay as suggesting that Obama was not born on U.S. soil, which would have disqualified as a candidate for president of the United States. The reader can not help but recall the recent scandal over the alleged mutual infidelity between French President Nicolas Sarkozy and his wife, singer and model Carla Bruni.
Sunstein has now the opportunity and the challenge of implementing their cookbook solutions to combat rumors. Is the Administrator Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) , a federal agency that oversees the quality and accessibility of government information. Interestingly, as regards the recession that published his book on the New Yorker magazine , Sunstein himself lived in the flesh a campaign that sought to curb his appointment official position of the Government as Obama.
As point for reflection, it should stop at the role it could play in the international press sudden depreciation in the English market. Nothing published on Herald Tribune or Les Echos this morning was a novelty (Zapatero's reluctance to freeze public sector wages or relax the rules governing the labor market), but the surprising coincidence of several news about the possible spread English Greek virus preceded the Madrid stock market crash.
"Only lies need accomplices," the wise Greek proverb. Actually he manages very well alone, but often too late triumphs. Rumors destroy lives and, in view of what happens in the markets, haciendas. Is this a kind of black propaganda of speculators in instead of throwing leaflets are released demoralizing destructive gossip? Or are the rumors in this case a warning sound, a taste of a painful truth that governments in southern Europe do not want to hear? In classical mythology, the figure of Fame , illustrated with a trumpet, is ambivalent: it is sometimes good, sometimes bad. Sometimes announces the good reputation, in other scandal. The crisis
helena, this pseudo-confederal Europe of 27 Member States has not been a single leader to proclaim, like challenging Obama a ' We are in this together ' or 'We rise and fall as one '. A point 60 years met the Schuman Declaration , the European founding fathers, from Mount Rushmore who have not, seen just how the dream of a united Europe is tottering.
to begin drafting language change (Variable diachronic) Communicative Situation
YEARS HAVE BEEN CHANGED THE WAY TO THE MOST COMMON PHRASES
YESTERDAY TODAY
Spinster = Professional Scratching balls .. . but expensive = Spa I sent the kid with my order? = Delivery Work Internship say black = bullshit = expressions out of context Crazy shit = Transgresor store / kiosk = Druggstore ball No mine gives me my target = not find any crap = Dressed Fashion Humility = Low Profile
Shopping Around Dog = do things for the hell = untidiness = Baguette Pan Flute Playing by ear some issues = Consultant Seller Account Executive = Troll = Different
Healer / a = Mentalist Scratching the balls in the laburo = breakfast meeting
Professor Barber Stylist = = Personal Fitness trainer Stepping stones and logs = Trekking Impunity = Fueros I have your phone? = I have your e-mail? political accommodation = Advisory Tribune unemployed = Talk-show The fever is mutual = Chemical Works seeking a man to lie = Seeking someone who Travel containing me like shit = Outdoors Manipulating public opinion = media phenomenon did not understand a damn = must read between the lines Chabombas and Lingerie ñocorpis = hunger = shit oneself unsatisfied basic needs Bagay / lizard = No be produced full of bullshit = Program Magazine Emerging Third World = Mass layoffs = Restructuring pounding her life to others = Freedom of expression
After his victory in the first televised debate of the British electoral campaign, the Liberal Democrat candidate Nick Clegg is going to play for real in the second debate, which will focus on international politics. Although the young leader will insist on the need for more and better equip British troops in Afghanistan, Cameron will not hesitate to take to reduce Europeanism Clegg, sin in island politics.
Today, the United Kingdom has more trade with the Netherlands that with all the Commonwealth. To a large extent, the liberalizing policies of Brussels that both the French are scared of Anglo-Saxon inspiration. However, the average British ciudano, the 'little Englander', is still the European Union as a conspiracy sovietizante that is undermining the sovereignty and democracy in the country. If for most mortals bruselesca mainland policy is a powerful sleeping pill, the perfidious Albion, the threat of a 'federation' and a 'superstate' Europe are discussed in the afternoon tea. And it is very difficult to accuse of anti-democratic to a system created out of international treaties between States which have failed the test of constitutional rubric. Clegg
can not hide behind the war on terrorism and must take the bull by the horns. Must bring the power of the EU states and not the Commission or Parliament, to the British government itself co-responsible for the ills often attributed to the entity called 'Europe'. Could exploit the alleged international isolation of a Tory cabinet taking as evidence the recent breakdown of the British Conservatives in the People's Party in Parliament Europe, but this gesture sad satisfying than the British. Still, it would not hurt to remind the progress of the influential Conservative MEP Edward MacMillan-Scott, who after a historic quarrel with the party leadership has joined the Liberal Democrats.
Britain wants to change. But it seems to rely entirely on Cameron. Hence the best possible coalition, if any, would be between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. The latter should ignore the siren song of Gordon Brown and launch and winks from the Conservatives, being careful not to alienate his voter base, mostly rather idealistic mesocracias. Today, the only politician on the British vote with a clear majority is Vince Cable, the Liberal Democrat candidate for the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer. We could then imagine Cameron as Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Clegg, Cable Exchequer, and the rest of the cabinet yielded to the Conservatives. Labour's
A long journey awaits you in the desert. Do not forget, however, that these elections are one-person play in very small districts, where the individual work of the deputy (and their patronage networks) are above party affiliation. Hence, perhaps to mitigate the inevitable disaster.
The Times want a strong government for hard times. From the skyscrapers of the financial City begins to circulate the rumor that a coalition government would lower the public debt rating in the UK. Tory-LibDem coalition can not be made explicit in advance, but must insinuate to be gaining legitimacy among the electorate. If Cameron revives, it is likely that everything returns to normal and the coalition is a passing nightmare. But if Clegg gets out alive or even wins the second debate, the United Kingdom would be way BECOME one of those governments as common commitment to 'mainland Europe. " That to drive on the right is a step.
