Saturday, November 27, 2010
Saturday, November 13, 2010
Nappy Rash White Heads
communicative situations, speech levels
• Use few words.
• Short sentences and unfinished.
• Use slang.
• Messages are disorganized, do not follow a logical order.
• Abusing appeals to the interlocutor (the listener).
• Talk Like always, do not adapt to communication situations.
• use many phrases.
Definition and Classification of Speech Acts
speech acts are basic units, minimum or fundamental linguistic communication. The notion of act concerns that the language not only means shares, also made at the time of the utterance itself.
Locutorio: What is said explicitly
The act of producing a sentence, a structure words to express a strong mutual influence between sender and receiver. Unintended effects on the listener.
is articulate and combine sounds. The enunciation of the phrase itself is an act The statement serves purposes beyond.
is evoke and combine the concepts represented by words. Change the status of the interlocutors.
Objective: To review the concept of registers of speech, classification of events speech and key aspects of the communicative situation .
Language: is a human ability to communicate through speech.
language or code: conventional system of linguistic signs, arbitrary and collective (created by a particular community of speakers). (Done social)
Speak: the individual use of the sign system of language, by means of oral communication. It is the realization. (Done individual)
communicative situation: The situation is the set of linguistic and extralinguistic elements present at the time of the communication.
Standard language: Refers to the "right" and what everyone knows and uses. V
speech levels: LEVEL
VULGAR
Language: is a human ability to communicate through speech.
language or code: conventional system of linguistic signs, arbitrary and collective (created by a particular community of speakers). (Done social)
Speak: the individual use of the sign system of language, by means of oral communication. It is the realization. (Done individual)
communicative situation: The situation is the set of linguistic and extralinguistic elements present at the time of the communication.
Standard language: Refers to the "right" and what everyone knows and uses. V
speech levels: LEVEL
VULGAR
• Use few words.
• Short sentences and unfinished.
• Use slang.
• Messages are disorganized, do not follow a logical order.
• Abusing appeals to the interlocutor (the listener).
• Talk Like always, do not adapt to communication situations.
• use many phrases.
colloquial
• Family Talk.
• It is the most commonly used.
• It is spontaneous and natural but sometimes has some inaccuracies.
• It is very expressive and has many emotional nuances.
• Sometimes the pronunciation is neglected.
• It is the most commonly used.
• It is spontaneous and natural but sometimes has some inaccuracies.
• It is very expressive and has many emotional nuances.
• Sometimes the pronunciation is neglected.
WORSHIP LEVEL
• Richness of vocabulary.
• correct pronunciation, carefully and appropriately.
• Messages in a logical order. • Use of cultism
(words that come from Greek or Latin).
cult-level languages.
• scientific-technical language.
is the one used to talk or write about a particular area of \u200b\u200bscience or culture.
• Literary language.
is the highest level of language use. It is very important the content (what is said) and how the message (how to say). Resources used to embellish the language: comparisons, metaphors ...
Jargon: its speakers belonging to certain social or professional groups.
Example: youth, underworld, professional jargon
Linguistic variables: basic levels we've seen speech are embedded in a broader classification, determined by different variables and socio-cultural linguistic
geographical
diatopical Variable: It is known que el español o castellano presenta diversas modalidades en los diversos países de América, como, a su vez, en las distintas localidades o regiones de un mismo país.
Variable socio-cultural o diastrática: En tanto construcción personal puesta en la interacción social, el habla responde a determinantes sociales y culturales, cuestión que nos muestra la heterogeneidad del habla. Esta heterogeneidad lingüística es una fuente de constante cambio, y todo cambio tiene una motivación social y cultural.
Variable estilística o diafásica: La lengua está determinada por la situación comunicativa y la actitud que adoptan los hablantes en esa situación. It can be formal or informal. Affect it:
• Gender: differences not only in voice but in the use of vocabulary and social role.
• Profession: expression of a group of people who share the same trade.
• Age: self-expression of a generation.
• correct pronunciation, carefully and appropriately.
• Messages in a logical order. • Use of cultism
(words that come from Greek or Latin).
cult-level languages.
• scientific-technical language.
is the one used to talk or write about a particular area of \u200b\u200bscience or culture.
• Literary language.
is the highest level of language use. It is very important the content (what is said) and how the message (how to say). Resources used to embellish the language: comparisons, metaphors ...
Jargon: its speakers belonging to certain social or professional groups.
Example: youth, underworld, professional jargon
Linguistic variables: basic levels we've seen speech are embedded in a broader classification, determined by different variables and socio-cultural linguistic
geographical
diatopical Variable: It is known que el español o castellano presenta diversas modalidades en los diversos países de América, como, a su vez, en las distintas localidades o regiones de un mismo país.
Variable socio-cultural o diastrática: En tanto construcción personal puesta en la interacción social, el habla responde a determinantes sociales y culturales, cuestión que nos muestra la heterogeneidad del habla. Esta heterogeneidad lingüística es una fuente de constante cambio, y todo cambio tiene una motivación social y cultural.
Variable estilística o diafásica: La lengua está determinada por la situación comunicativa y la actitud que adoptan los hablantes en esa situación. It can be formal or informal. Affect it:
• Gender: differences not only in voice but in the use of vocabulary and social role.
• Profession: expression of a group of people who share the same trade.
• Age: self-expression of a generation.
SOME FLAWS,
Euphemisms: Express ideas in an indirect and softer, changing bad sounding voices. Example: He went to the quiet patio
Overcorrection: Enforce correction of words or phrases that do not correspond, by generalization of a standard considered cultured.
Example: Toballa
Euphemisms: Express ideas in an indirect and softer, changing bad sounding voices. Example: He went to the quiet patio
Overcorrection: Enforce correction of words or phrases that do not correspond, by generalization of a standard considered cultured.
Example: Toballa
Definition and Classification of Speech Acts
speech acts are basic units, minimum or fundamental linguistic communication. The notion of act concerns that the language not only means shares, also made at the time of the utterance itself.
Locutorio: What is said explicitly
illocutionary: What is done to tell
Perlocutorio: What is meant
The act of producing a sentence, a structure words to express a strong mutual influence between sender and receiver. Unintended effects on the listener.
is articulate and combine sounds. The enunciation of the phrase itself is an act The statement serves purposes beyond.
is evoke and combine the concepts represented by words. Change the status of the interlocutors.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
Blue Paint And Travertine
HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE
• The structure of an original article or Introduction
or
Methods or Results and Discussion
• Other aspects of Article
• Error Checking ________________________________________
• The structure of an original article
Introduction The introduction should answer the question of "why this work has been done." Describe the interest to the scientific context of the time, previous studies have been done on the subject and what aspects do not make clear. With the abundance of currently existing review work, the Introduction does not need to be very extensive and can benefit from what is stated in the most recent review on the subject.
The Introduction is thus presenting a question, which is in turn as the nexus of research that engages with the body of existing doctrine. And found no end of effort with the surprise that the question has been answered by another researcher early birds, it is necessary (mandatory, however much it costs) to a preceding review. Probably the most expensive part of the work, among other things because there is always the possibility that such review can be concluded that our questions and have answers and, therefore, not worth conducting research.
is appropriate that the last paragraph of the Introduction is used to summarize the objective of the study. Material and Methods
In This section answers the question of "how did the study." Once you have seen the reasons why it is worthwhile to undertake the project, think about how to put it into practice, which is very useful the help of an epidemiologist and a biostatistician to avoid wasting efforts on vain. A great project may be invalid or ineffective if not using the proper methodology: you can not carry out a study of causality with a cross-sectional design, it is inefficient to do a prospective, long and costly, if you are looking to just explore a hypothetical cause-effect relationship, rather than with a retrospective, faster and cheaper, can be resolved, saving the prospective study to demonstrate this link. Many studies fail because of flaws in the methodology. If a biostatistician and epidemiologist working in some form in research, should be either rewarded financially, or included among the authors.
The material and methods section is organized into five areas:
• Design: We describe the experimental design (randomized, controlled, case-control clinical trial, prospective, etc.).
• population about which has been made study. Describe the sampling frame and how it has made its selection.
• Environment: indicates where has made the study (hospital, primary care, school, etc).
• Interventions: the techniques described, treatments (always using generic names), measurements and units, pilot testing, equipment and technology, etc.
• Statistical analysis indicates the statistical methods used and how they have analyzed the data.
The material and methods section should be sufficiently detailed so that another author can repeat the study and verify the results independently. Results
This section should be the simplest form of writing. Includes tables and figures, by themselves, should be able to clearly express the results of the study. There are important journal editors say unequivocally that the best text for this section should be simply "the study results can be seen in Table 1."
The results should serve two functions:
• Give the results of the experiments described in the Materials and Methods.
• Present the evidence to support such results, whether in the form of figures, tables or in the same text.
The results should be visible and understood quickly and clearly. It is for this reason that the construction of this section must begin with the preparation of tables and figures, and only then write the appropriate text based on them. The first paragraph of this text should be used to summarize in a sentence concise, clear and straightforward, the finding of the study. This section should be written using the past tense. Though largely used the passive voice or impersonal ("has been found that some editors prefer ...") and every time it is more likely to use active voice in the first person plural (" we have seen that ... " ); the end of the credit goes to the authors and there is no reason to hide it. Discussion
This section is the heart of the manuscript, where most readers will after reading the summary (though experts recommend that after reading the title, the first thing to read the material and methods) and most complex section of developing and organizing. Some suggestions may help:
• Begin the discussion with the answer to the question of the Introduction, followed immediately by the evidence shown in the results that corroborate.
• Write this section in this (these data indicate that ") because the findings of work are considered as evidence.
• Bring out clearly and comment rather than concealing, the anomalous results, giving an explanation as consistent as possible or simply saying this is what has been found, although at present no explanation display. If it does not the author, surely will the editor.
• speculative and theoretical imagination and logic. This may stir the interest of readers.
• Include recommendations as it deems appropriate, if appropriate.
• And, above all, avoid taking more conclusions from their results allow, as much as these findings are less spectacular than expected or desired. Other aspects of the article
The title should be short, concise and clear. The most effective less than 10 words and should not contain abbreviations or acronyms. All acronyms used in the text must be followed, the first time you mention, in a break with its meaning. It is advisable that the title should be written after writing the core of the manuscript (introduction, materials, methods, results and discussion). Titles can be informative ("High incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers) or indicative (" Incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers.)
The summary provides an overview of the work. If it is audit work, usually descriptive summary (Briefly describe what the content of the work and results or conclusions not mentioned), if it is original work, the summary is comprehensive (briefly reported in all sections of work , including results and conclusions.) This comprehensive summary can be structured (with the sections: objective, design, setting, subjects, results and conclusions) or unstructured, in which the information is usually given in two or three paragraphs. Note that in the structured abstract, the introduction is replaced by objective, the Discussion and Conclusions Material and Methods "is separated into its components.
The most common mistakes in writing the summary are:
• clearly raise no question too long
• • be too detailed
The keywords will be from 3 to 10, if your number is not already specified in the Instructions for Authors "and selected to be possible from the list of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), the Index Medicus or the English Medical Index.
Thanks are positioned at a location determined by the publisher of the journal "Instructions for Authors" can be on the first page or at the end of the discussion. Should be included in the acknowledgments, but not among the authors, who without being authors or co-authors in the strict sense have assisted technique (laboratory technicians, secretaries, etc.) Or have been invaluable moral support (the head of a Department, etc..).
The bibliography will be cited as the rules required by the journal they have chosen. Except in cases of publications of great historical significance, appointments must be recent, not more than 5 years in case of a review paper. This legislation usually follows fairly evenly in the Vancouver.
• For the citation of shows the following order: Name
or authors, to a maximum of six, separated by commas, with your surname and initials without periods (except after the last initial of the last author). If the number exceeds six, you have to write the first six and add "et al." Abbreviation for the Latin "et alii" meaning "and others." If the author is a committee, put the name of the Committee.
or job title, finished with one point.
or Biomedical journal, as shorthand expression as found in the Index Medicus, which follows without any intermediate score, the
or Publication Year, "a semicolon," Volume, "open parenthesis, number or month of issue ( this may be omitted if the consecutive pagination of the volume is), "close parenthesis", "two points", pages article (the first and last, but the last page can be provided with only the last digit if the first were equal to the first page). • If it
chapters of books in which several authors have collaborated quoted as follows:
or Authors Chapter
or Chapter Title
or Authors of the book (called "publishers" in Anglo-Saxon terminology), or Book Title
or City
is printed or editorial has published or Year of publication
or pages ( first and last) chapter
Examples:
1-International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 424-5
2-Weinstein L, Swartz MN. Pathologic properties of Invading microorganisms. In: Sodem WA, editor. Pathologic Physiology: Mechanisms of disease. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974:457-72.
addition to the rules Vancouver, there are rules for citation of publications in the scientific literature, according to the American Psychology Association. Error Checking
• Is sent to the right journal?
• Are all the instructions that the editor of the magazine suggests?
• Are the authors really deserve the credit for the work?
• Is the abstract too long or too complex?
• Is properly structured core of the work (introduction, material, methods, results, discussion?
• Is the recent literature and cited in accordance with regulations of the magazine?
• Are under the citations in the text with quoting? • Is
Conclusion respond to the question posed in the Introduction?
• Do draw the appropriate conclusions to the results obtained and no more?
• Are tables and figures readily understandable and summarizes the results?
• Are the Introduction and Conclusion written in the present, and the material and results in the past?
or
Methods or Results and Discussion
• Other aspects of Article
• Error Checking ________________________________________
• The structure of an original article
Introduction The introduction should answer the question of "why this work has been done." Describe the interest to the scientific context of the time, previous studies have been done on the subject and what aspects do not make clear. With the abundance of currently existing review work, the Introduction does not need to be very extensive and can benefit from what is stated in the most recent review on the subject.
The Introduction is thus presenting a question, which is in turn as the nexus of research that engages with the body of existing doctrine. And found no end of effort with the surprise that the question has been answered by another researcher early birds, it is necessary (mandatory, however much it costs) to a preceding review. Probably the most expensive part of the work, among other things because there is always the possibility that such review can be concluded that our questions and have answers and, therefore, not worth conducting research.
is appropriate that the last paragraph of the Introduction is used to summarize the objective of the study. Material and Methods
In This section answers the question of "how did the study." Once you have seen the reasons why it is worthwhile to undertake the project, think about how to put it into practice, which is very useful the help of an epidemiologist and a biostatistician to avoid wasting efforts on vain. A great project may be invalid or ineffective if not using the proper methodology: you can not carry out a study of causality with a cross-sectional design, it is inefficient to do a prospective, long and costly, if you are looking to just explore a hypothetical cause-effect relationship, rather than with a retrospective, faster and cheaper, can be resolved, saving the prospective study to demonstrate this link. Many studies fail because of flaws in the methodology. If a biostatistician and epidemiologist working in some form in research, should be either rewarded financially, or included among the authors.
The material and methods section is organized into five areas:
• Design: We describe the experimental design (randomized, controlled, case-control clinical trial, prospective, etc.).
• population about which has been made study. Describe the sampling frame and how it has made its selection.
• Environment: indicates where has made the study (hospital, primary care, school, etc).
• Interventions: the techniques described, treatments (always using generic names), measurements and units, pilot testing, equipment and technology, etc.
• Statistical analysis indicates the statistical methods used and how they have analyzed the data.
The material and methods section should be sufficiently detailed so that another author can repeat the study and verify the results independently. Results
This section should be the simplest form of writing. Includes tables and figures, by themselves, should be able to clearly express the results of the study. There are important journal editors say unequivocally that the best text for this section should be simply "the study results can be seen in Table 1."
The results should serve two functions:
• Give the results of the experiments described in the Materials and Methods.
• Present the evidence to support such results, whether in the form of figures, tables or in the same text.
The results should be visible and understood quickly and clearly. It is for this reason that the construction of this section must begin with the preparation of tables and figures, and only then write the appropriate text based on them. The first paragraph of this text should be used to summarize in a sentence concise, clear and straightforward, the finding of the study. This section should be written using the past tense. Though largely used the passive voice or impersonal ("has been found that some editors prefer ...") and every time it is more likely to use active voice in the first person plural (" we have seen that ... " ); the end of the credit goes to the authors and there is no reason to hide it. Discussion
This section is the heart of the manuscript, where most readers will after reading the summary (though experts recommend that after reading the title, the first thing to read the material and methods) and most complex section of developing and organizing. Some suggestions may help:
• Begin the discussion with the answer to the question of the Introduction, followed immediately by the evidence shown in the results that corroborate.
• Write this section in this (these data indicate that ") because the findings of work are considered as evidence.
• Bring out clearly and comment rather than concealing, the anomalous results, giving an explanation as consistent as possible or simply saying this is what has been found, although at present no explanation display. If it does not the author, surely will the editor.
• speculative and theoretical imagination and logic. This may stir the interest of readers.
• Include recommendations as it deems appropriate, if appropriate.
• And, above all, avoid taking more conclusions from their results allow, as much as these findings are less spectacular than expected or desired. Other aspects of the article
The title should be short, concise and clear. The most effective less than 10 words and should not contain abbreviations or acronyms. All acronyms used in the text must be followed, the first time you mention, in a break with its meaning. It is advisable that the title should be written after writing the core of the manuscript (introduction, materials, methods, results and discussion). Titles can be informative ("High incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers) or indicative (" Incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers.)
The summary provides an overview of the work. If it is audit work, usually descriptive summary (Briefly describe what the content of the work and results or conclusions not mentioned), if it is original work, the summary is comprehensive (briefly reported in all sections of work , including results and conclusions.) This comprehensive summary can be structured (with the sections: objective, design, setting, subjects, results and conclusions) or unstructured, in which the information is usually given in two or three paragraphs. Note that in the structured abstract, the introduction is replaced by objective, the Discussion and Conclusions Material and Methods "is separated into its components.
The most common mistakes in writing the summary are:
• clearly raise no question too long
• • be too detailed
The keywords will be from 3 to 10, if your number is not already specified in the Instructions for Authors "and selected to be possible from the list of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), the Index Medicus or the English Medical Index.
Thanks are positioned at a location determined by the publisher of the journal "Instructions for Authors" can be on the first page or at the end of the discussion. Should be included in the acknowledgments, but not among the authors, who without being authors or co-authors in the strict sense have assisted technique (laboratory technicians, secretaries, etc.) Or have been invaluable moral support (the head of a Department, etc..).
The bibliography will be cited as the rules required by the journal they have chosen. Except in cases of publications of great historical significance, appointments must be recent, not more than 5 years in case of a review paper. This legislation usually follows fairly evenly in the Vancouver.
• For the citation of shows the following order: Name
or authors, to a maximum of six, separated by commas, with your surname and initials without periods (except after the last initial of the last author). If the number exceeds six, you have to write the first six and add "et al." Abbreviation for the Latin "et alii" meaning "and others." If the author is a committee, put the name of the Committee.
or job title, finished with one point.
or Biomedical journal, as shorthand expression as found in the Index Medicus, which follows without any intermediate score, the
or Publication Year, "a semicolon," Volume, "open parenthesis, number or month of issue ( this may be omitted if the consecutive pagination of the volume is), "close parenthesis", "two points", pages article (the first and last, but the last page can be provided with only the last digit if the first were equal to the first page). • If it
chapters of books in which several authors have collaborated quoted as follows:
or Authors Chapter
or Chapter Title
or Authors of the book (called "publishers" in Anglo-Saxon terminology), or Book Title
or City
is printed or editorial has published or Year of publication
or pages ( first and last) chapter
Examples:
1-International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 424-5
2-Weinstein L, Swartz MN. Pathologic properties of Invading microorganisms. In: Sodem WA, editor. Pathologic Physiology: Mechanisms of disease. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974:457-72.
addition to the rules Vancouver, there are rules for citation of publications in the scientific literature, according to the American Psychology Association. Error Checking
• Is sent to the right journal?
• Are all the instructions that the editor of the magazine suggests?
• Are the authors really deserve the credit for the work?
• Is the abstract too long or too complex?
• Is properly structured core of the work (introduction, material, methods, results, discussion?
• Is the recent literature and cited in accordance with regulations of the magazine?
• Are under the citations in the text with quoting? • Is
Conclusion respond to the question posed in the Introduction?
• Do draw the appropriate conclusions to the results obtained and no more?
• Are tables and figures readily understandable and summarizes the results?
• Are the Introduction and Conclusion written in the present, and the material and results in the past?
Saturday, November 6, 2010
Paint Colour Walls Travertine Bathroom
WAPOR Seminar in Segovia
The World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR, its acronym in English) held in Segovia a seminar on 17 and 18 March 2011 . The deadline for submitting propuestas para ponencias y paneles es el próximo 1 de diciembre de 2010. A continuación reproducimos la Call for Abstracts. Más información en la web de WAPOR :
###
The World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR, its acronym in English) held in Segovia a seminar on 17 and 18 March 2011 . The deadline for submitting propuestas para ponencias y paneles es el próximo 1 de diciembre de 2010. A continuación reproducimos la Call for Abstracts. Más información en la web de WAPOR :
Call for Abstracts, WAPOR Regional Seminar
"Transnational Connections – Challenges and Opportunities for Communication and Public Opinion Research"
Segovia, Spain March 17-18, 2011
The World Association for Public Opinion Research will hold a spring regional seminar, “Challenges and Opportunities for Communication and Public Opinion Research” as part of the international Transnational Connections symposium series in Segovia, Spain.
We invite scholars and practitioners with sociological, psychological, political science and/or communications science background to submit abstracts and panel proposals that revolve around the main conference topics:
* Media coverage and public opinion – antecedents and consequences
* Polarization, fragmentation, and conflict
* New media, public opinion and political participation
* Deliberation, political discussion, social network heterogeneity
* Media exposure, selectivity
* Public opinion (mis)perception
* Non-political media and public opinion
* Social movements and grassroots organizing
* Electoral campaigns and public opinion
* Studying public opinion in challenging environments
* Novel approaches to studying public opinion
Abstracts should include a general description of the research paper or panel (research topic, questions or hypotheses, methods and results), up to 5 keywords as well as full contact information (mailing address, e-mail address and telephone number) and affiliation for each co-author on a separate sheet. The abstract should not exceed 500 words.
Deadline for proposals: 1 December 2010
###
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)