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How to write a scientific paper


SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

Summary:

One of the great problems facing a arises when a researcher has to make known their results or socializing, because writing is no easy task, especially when today's world moves further into a kind of scientific vocabulary words appear very complex, as a manifestation of such changes. From this problem, this paper has the objective propose a group suggestions that contribute to the work of writing a scientific paper will become an act of pleasure and enjoyment of Who has the difficult task to seek solutions to problems and are known by all: scientific community, professional and society in general.

Keywords:

Article scientific scientific writing sections of the scientific paper, scientific paper rules.

Introduction:

The inevitable epilogue a research is the publication of their results so they can be shared and verified by the other the scientific community and, when appropriately validated, incorporated into the gigantic encyclopedia of human knowledge.

Many works of popular science topics intended to complete very information in a single article or program, having too much information , the receiver loses interest by communication.

Any communication implies some community repertoire between the receiver and transmitter. If this is not adequate, you lose efficiency instant message. One of the main obstacles to good communication of science is language, most work on the difficulties of the dissemination of science address this problem.

The communication and scientific presentation, whether in journals, conferences or other forms of presentation, has gained great importance due to the potential impact it can represent work of research.

The literary writing has different purposes: to express a feeling poets, storytellers entertain with a story , essayists analyze a topic and try to convince us of their point of view without But to achieve its goals these authors use various literary resources, such as metaphor, the figurative, florid vocabulary and mystery.

The scientific writing is very different from the above, because has only one purpose: to inform the result of an investigation . We do not want fun, not sad, nor educate the reader, goal is to communicate clearly the result of an investigation. Therefore, to write a good scientific paper should not be born with a gift or a special creative ability.

From these elements of our work is aimed specialists offer Social Sciences, general methodological rules that allow them to write a good scientific paper formulate a set of recommendations to improve communication , and within it, the information dissemination and of scientific results.

To achieve the objectives proposed, an extensive literature review on the subject, which in the new conditions of development of communication and information requires new and efficient ways.

Development:

The process of scientific writing, the investigator must take into account different factors that will contribute to achieving its goal : write a scientific paper, hence it is recommended the following aspects of significance:

What is a scientific paper?:

scientific paper in general is defined as a report written and published describes original of an investigation: is written for others not for me .

The scientific paper, not a written that the author keeps to himself, but must be sufficiently clear so that third parties get the message concrete you really want to convey. In other words we can summarize that the scientific article:

· A report on results of scientific research ,

· Refer to a scientific problem.

· The research results should be valid and reliable.

· first reported the results of an investigation

The Guidelines for writing scientific articles published by UNESCO, noted that the main purpose of a scientific paper is to report the results of investigations , ideas and discussions in a clear, concise and accurate. That is why writing a good scientific paper is to learn and apply the three fundamental principles of scientific writing:

· Precision

· Clarity and

· Brevity.

Write a scientific paper does not mean having special gifts, but requires creative skills and abilities can learn any researcher.

Criteria for writing effective :

1. logical rigor
Replicability
3. Clarity and conciseness of style
4. Originality
5. Precision
6. Size
7. Compatibility with ethics
8. Significance
9. Relevance

publication is valid for excellence (scientific article, original article and primary publication are synonymous) and all scientific journals have a section wide dedicated to publishing original articles, written reports for the first time the results of an investigation

There are two types of scientific articles:

1. Article formal.
2. The research note.

Both have the same structure and function but investigative notes are shorter and usually do not have sections subtitled ( Introduction , Materiales y Métodos , etc.). Suelen ocupar una media de 4-5 páginas de una revista (manuscritos de 12 folios a doble espacio). Se acompañan de gráficos y tablas y en casos excepcionales de fotografías y dibujos . El número de firmantes no suele ser superior a seis, considerándose al primero como autor principal.

Quede claro que cuando hablamos de escribir un artículo original es necesario haber realizado una investigación previamente, en la que debe ser claro, preciso, conciso, usar proper grammar, etc. A good scientific paper always contains certain pieces of information properly organized.

Key questions to consider before writing a scientific article:

1. Why write?
2. What do I have to say?
3. How am I going to say?
4. What information is available about it?
5. Is it worth the effort of typing paper?
6. What is the format (or structure) right?
7. write For whom?
8. What is the intended audience?
9. What is the appropriate editorial for publication?

How to organize a scientific paper?

There are different criteria organization of the scientific paper and that the researcher can take into account the time of writing:

IMRYD System	Scheme 1	Scheme 2
· Introduction · Methodology · Results · Discussion	 Introduction  Material and methods  Results  Discussion	 Summary (Abstract) - resume content Item.  Introduction, "reports the purpose and importance of work.  Materials and methods - explains how research was done.  Results-presents the experimental data.  talk, "explains the results and compares them with prior knowledge of the subject.  Literature Cited "lists the references cited in the text .

Some authors disaggregate the Conclusions section, while others considered in the Discussion.

What are the rules to take into consideration in preparing a scientific paper?

· Title: should be expressed in 15 words describing the contents of the article in a clear, accurate and concise.

· Record up to six authors in the order of importance of material and significant contribution to research.

· identify the institution or institutions where the research was conducted

· Include a structured abstract that between 150 and 300 words to quickly identify and correct the basic content of the article.

· Introduction should explain the general problem, the research, what others wrote about it and objectives and hypothesis of the study.

· Methods: We describe the design research and explain how it was implemented, justifying the choice of methods and techniques in such a way that a competent reader could repeat the study.

· Submit description in the sequence followed by the research: design , population and shows , variables , data collection , analysis, etc.

· present the results of citing relevant research findings (including opponents of the hypothesis thesis), including sufficient detail to justify conclusions.

· Use appropriate means of presentation, clear and economical, preferably text (in time past), tables and graphs (self explanatory) and illustrations (only the essentials).

· In the discussion to show the relationships among observed facts.

· inferring or deducing conclusions establish the truth, answering the research question posed in the introduction .

· In the acknowledgments, to recognize the services of persons or institutions that really helped in the investigation, who assisted in drafting the article or revised the manuscript.

· List references in order of mention in the text and only major work and recent publications (except classic).

· Exclude references consulted by the author. Adopt the Vancouver style.

· as Appendices include relevant information or configuration because of its size does not fit within the text.

In a scientific paper can be found several main sections:
I-The title

The title should be short, concise and clear. It is advisable that the title should be written after writing the core of the manuscript ( introduction, material, methods, Results and discussion).

Titles can be informative ("High incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers) or indicative (" Incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers.)

II-How to make a summary?

A good summary should enable the reader to identify quickly and accurately, the core content of the work, not be longer than 250 words should be written in the past, except the last paragraph or concluding phrase. No information to report or conclusions que no está presente en el texto, así como tampoco debe citar referencias bibliográficas. Debe quedar claro el problema que se investiga y el objetivo del mismo.

En general, el Resumen debe:

- Plantear los principales objetivos y el alcance de la investigación.

- Describir la metodología empleada.

- Resumir los resultados

- Generalizar con las principales conclusiones.

The most common mistakes in writing the summary are:

· not clearly raise the question

· be too long

· be too detailed

III-Introduction

· The Introduction is thus presenting a question

· Why has done this work

· The interest you have in the scientific context

· Previous work on the subject and what aspects do not make clear which are the subject of our research.

· The last paragraph of the introduction used to summarize the objective of the study.

IV-Material and methods

answers the question "how did the study."

The material and methods section is organized into five areas:

1. Design: We describe the design experiment (randomized, controlled, case-control clinical trial, prospective, etc.).
2. population about which the study has been done. Described under the displays and how it has made its selection
3. Environment: indicates where the study was done (hospital, primary care, school , etc.).
4. Interventions: describes the technical treatments (always using generic names), measurements and units, pilot testing, equipment and technology , etc.
5. Statistical analysis indicates the statistical methods used and how they have analyzed the data .

V-Results

Includes tables and figures clearly expressed the results of a study by the researcher.

The results should serve two functions :

1. express the results of experiments described in the Materials and Methods.
2. Present evidence to support such results, whether in the form of figures, tables or in the same text.

The first paragraph of this text should be used to sum up in one sentence, concise, clear and direct The main finding of the study. This section should be written using the past tense.

VI-talk

Most readers will after reading the summary (though experts recommend that after reading the title, the first thing that read the material and methods) and most complex section of developing and organizing.

Some suggestions may help

· Start Discussion with the answer to the question of the Introduction, followed immediately with tests described in corroborating results.

· Write this section in the present tense ("these data indicate that") because the findings of work are considered as evidence.

· Remove the light comment and clearly, instead of hiding, the results abnormal, giving an explanation as consistent as possible or simply saying this is what has been found, although at present no explanation display. Otherwise the author, a good insurance will the editor.

· speculative and theoretical imagination and logic . This may stir the interest readers.

· Include recommendations as it deems appropriate, if appropriate.

· And, above all, avoid taking more conclusions from their results allow, as much as these findings are less spectacular than expected or desired.

VII-Bibliography

The literature will be cited as the rules required by the journal Editorial elected or scientific, so there different internationally recognized standards and must be taken into account by the researcher.

upgrade level of the scientific paper shall reflect the Bibliographies consulted and are in the last 5 years of publication.

Among

most used standards are:

· VVANCOUVER.

· AAPA

· HHARVARD. · .

Conclusions:

The investigator must take into account the following aspects:

1. That there are different criteria in order for the methodological organization of a scientific article, but regardless of this, everything depends on the publisher who receives the item, however this does not interfere with the author's style.
2. Consider the field of knowledge on which to write the article and therefore the domain that the researcher has the same, which will ensure greater credibility in the scientific community .
3. The scientific articles Social Sciences, not necessarily are the result of a primary or original research, they can be critical of opinions and reflections of other authors, book reviews Reviews, authors, literature review , among others.
4. need for scientific rigor in writing of the items, expressed as: logic, clarity, originality, ethics, accuracy, scientific vocabulary, and others.

Bibliography

Carreras, A.; Granjel, M., Gutierrez, BM & Rodríguez, JA (1994) Handbook for the development of a scientific paper. Appointment. Bilbao. 263 pp.

different authors (2003) methodology of educational research. Current challenges and controversy. La Habana, Editorial Félix Varela. 267 p.

Crespo García, Fernando (1987) The scientific article: routine or method ?. Havana, Ediciones CENSA, 323 p.

Eco, Humberto (1982) How to write a thesis . Technical and research procedures, study and writing . Barcelona , GEDIS. 267 p.

Cullell Estévez, Migdalia, Margarita Mendoza and Cecilia González Arroyo Ferry (2004) The scientific research in the physical activity , its methodology . Havana, Editorial Sport. 318 p.

Sampo

Hernández, Roberto (2003) Methodology investiogación. Take 2. La Habana, Editorial Félix Varela. 475 p.

Rodrigues Gomes, Gregory; Javier Gil Flores and Eduardo García Jiménez (2002) Methodology of qualitative research . Santiago de Cuba , PROGRAF. 378 p.

Sabino, Carlos (1978) He Case search. Argentina, El Cid. 226 p.

Authors:

Mr. Miguel Alonso Soler

Indesit Washing Machine Evolution 1300 Problems

Business Documents (Spanish 1 and oral and written expression)

1. Charter commercial
The commercial letter serves as a means of communication two companies commercial or a company with a particular
or vice versa. Its content is usually formal, official and / or confidential.
The business is very wide, so there are several types of business cards. The most important are: sales, claim, tenders, request information and advertising. Unlike
personal letters, business letters have a more rigid framework and a more objective, and should always be typed.

Structure:

A business letter consists of three parts: the header, the body of the letter and closing.

the heading The heading covers the top of letter. Always contains letterhead, place and date, address of the recipient, and greeting. In general also indicates the subject of the letter, so the recipient knows directly what it is.

body The body of the letter is the most important. It consists of three parts: an introduction , a core and a conclusion.
• The introduction usually refers to previous correspondence, thank the recipient and / or indicate the reason for writing.
• At the heart develops the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe letter. It is important to write the kernel with objectivity and clarity, especially in the case of a claim.
• It ends with a conclusion that serves as a summary of the letter and / or encouragement.

Closing The closing of the letter is the end of it. Always contains farewell, signature, name and annexes
Where is the number of these. It is also possible to add a postscript or indicate if copies are sent to other people.
In the letter, all the elements start to the left of the page. This "block style" is the general way of writing a letter. Given the
objectives of business letters, the recipient is usually treated with courtesy. treatments respect for the greeting is "distinguished, (s) Mr (s) ' or 'distinguished (s) lady (s). " Another way a little more personal is 'Dear Sir' and the varieties concerned. In the body of the letter, the author addresses the recipient always 'you' or 'you'.
to indicate whether to send copies to other people using the term 'Cc' followed by the name of another recipient. If the letter is signed on behalf of the sender, the signature is preceded by the abbreviation 'PO' (in order) or 'PA' (for authorization), indicating that the person signing the letter has the authorization of the person responsible.
Example: Santiago, June 14, 2003
Manuel Montt 367
In attention of Mr. H. SANTIAGO DE CHILE
Riveros
Subject: Invitation to Chat
Distinguished Customer :
I contact you to tell him about the lecture to be held on June 21, 2003, at 15 hs. in our auditorium, which will provide the renowned author of several books on Management, Mr. Tom Peters.La talk will consist of the following topics: the "listening", "Listening is not hearing," what is heard? " and "listening = more productivity ."
This invitation is only for our most exclusive customers is why, look forward to your presence. Yours Sincerely

Pamela A. Ritchie
Manager General

2. The report
The report serves to answer a request, which generally requires some research and meeting data to inform someone on the results of it.
To write a document of this type can respond to the following schedule of questions:
1. What exactly is research?
2. Why?
3. By what method ?
4. What are the results?
5. What are the conclusions?

of these resulted in a basic structure set for a report of research :
1.Introduction (including the definition of the object research) the problem 2.Descripción


working 3.Manera 4.Economic
5.Conclusions
The reports, generally and particularly in companies are confidential. They formal character, objective and clear, so that the reader can understand, especially if reports of a technical nature. If
also includes appendices, they should go to the end of the report, except when they illustrate what is being said, for example, a table of statistics .
Example:

Introduction: This report attempts to prove that listening is not equal to hear, because the former is a biological phenomenon and the second belongs to domain the language , being a major factor interpretation.
Problem Description: If you look carefully
communication , we realize that it rests primarily not talking but listening, this is the fundamental factor language . Effective speaking is only achieved when followed of effective listening. Therefore, listening is what drives all process of communication . When we listen, we create a world of interpretation, listening is to hear more play.
Working way:
Hearing is a biological phenomenon is associated with the ability to distinguish sounds in our interactions with a medium (which may be another person). Hearing is the biological ability to have some living species to be triggered by environmental disturbances such as generating the domain sensory called sound . Certain environmental disturbances
generate in some organisms, which we call the phenomenon of hearing. The bodies belong to the same species share the same structure biological are triggered, usually in a similar manner by the same disturbance.
Listening is a totally different phenomenon. No hearing if there is an interpretative activity involved, even when there is no sound. For example, "hear" gestures, body postures far as we are able to attribute a meaning. Also film dumb when we hear no sounds.
Result: effective listening has come to be the highest priority, from our life personal up in business , for example, Tom Peters emphasizes that one of the main reasons for the poor performance of American managment is the fact that the administrator not listen to their employees, or their customers , or what is happening in the market .
The act of listening is based on open-mindedness, to accept that others are different from us. The respect each other is essential to listen.
Conclusion: Listening has become a matter of vital importance to ensure not only communication effective and successful staff, but the living itself.

3. Minutes
A report is a document that settle the agreements reached at a meeting and, in summary, the discussions occurred in the same. Usually written directly into a book called " Book of records." The requirements that are required to write reports are regulated by the Commercial Code and the statutes of company or association.
A record consists of:
* header or title, and name of the company or association
* location, date, time of start and completion
* Attendee List *
ordered summary of discussions made
* approval and signature of President
* signature of the Secretary
Example:

Minutes of the meeting of the executive committee of the Club of Debate :
Assistants: Ms. D. Pamela Ritchie, Mr. President
Mr. Carlos Diez
Mr Pedro Benítez
Mr. Enrique Parra
Mr Julio Aguirre
Mr Daniel Echeverría
Roberto Castro, secretary
Date: June 15, 2003
Start Time: 16 pm.
End Time: 17.30 hs.
Location: Comuna Providencia, Santiago de Chile
Development Meeting:
opens the session with the following agenda:
1.Discusión about the difference between listening and hearing.
2.Discusión about listening and its relationship with business .

1.Se opens the discussion on the first point: Mr. D. 2.The
Pedro Benítez explains the biological difference between listening and hearing. 3.The
D. Enrique Parra shows according to Mr. Benitez.
4.Sometido to vote, you decide:
a.Encargar discussed the publication of Mr. Echeverría
The sr. D. Carlos Diez calls stating on the record voting against the discussion, based on the following reason: Listening and hearing are looking therefore sees no reason for such discussion. 3.Se
open discussion of the second point. 4.Por
was unanimously decided to defer the discussion of this item until the next meeting will be June 22, 2003.
The President The Secretary
signature approval and signature

4.
memorandum is written that is used to exchange information between different departments within a company , in order to publicize a recommendation, indication, education, provision etc. Usually this kind of writing contains the following parts: the name of the person to whom it is addressed, the sender's name, date, subject, text and the sender's signature. His writing should be brief, clear and precise, even though such communication is not customary to use the bounce, there are times to be used to give a personal touch and courteous to the message.
Some companies send to print their memorandum formats according to your needs, with a special heading, usually organized as follows:

MEMORANDUM TO:

DE:

DATE:

SUBJECT:
Example:

Ritchie SRL
Memorandum

To: Head of RR . HH. Enrique Gonzalez
From: GG
Pamela Ritchie Date: June 15, 2003
Subject: Listen to employees
The famous guru Management, Tom Peters, emphasized that one of the main reasons for the poor performance of American managment is the fact that the manager does not listen to their employees.
therefore recommend to you. hear all suggestions and proposals of our employees for better performance of our company .
Greetings to you. Sincerely Pamela Ritchie

Manager General

5. Circular
Circular letters have the task of communicating news of interest current exposing at the same time , the causes of them. The circulars are usually written in large quantity and in print. With this type of card may advertise the constitution, amendment or dissolution of a company, change of address, the travelers visit, the change in prices , etc. Normally, the circular does not answer, but can have it for reasons of courtesy or wants to start a business operation.
The format can take several forms, one of them is the following
-letterhead: top of the document, which mentions the name of company or institution.
-Circular N °: is placed below the letterhead, indicates the number assigned administratively to the circular in particular .- Matter / Case: under "Circular N °", is a brief reference to what is circular.
-Place, date of issue.
-From: sender indication
Circular-A: An indication of who is sent.
-Body: The contents of the farewell

-phrase-name, surname and title
Example:

CIRCULAR N °: 15
SUBJECT: Tom Peters
Talk SANTIAGO, June 19, 2003
OF: GENERAL MANAGER
A: AREA MANAGERS
Due to the prestigious advisory visit U.S. in our company, I invite you to talk to us in our lounge offer auditorium on June 21, 2003, on the following topics: the "listening", "Listening is not hearing," What is listening? " and "listening = more productivity ." Sincerely
greet you. Pamela A.
General Manager Ritchie

6. Request
The request is a written communication that intends to make an order, in order to achieve in the future, immediate or directed to the activities or entities to achieve something that law gives us.
Introduction: Seeking the road that links the sender to the receiver, through the identification of the person: natural, legal, group or entity that is a front for open communication.
Body: Includes exposure of fact, history or explanation, in which the issuer engages the attention receiver and invites you to share mentally veracity of the statements documents or certificates; depends on the case.
Conclusion: This is the end of the application, with gratitude, typical of the issuer
courtesy of Appreciation should be with the reality of time possible response, that is with a future tense,
because the answer always come in the future. Could be included in this aspect, the final expression "attack," after which it is signed and rubric, a sign of taking responsibility on the statement.

Example:

Request Ref: REQUEST BOOK ANTHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE
Santiago June 19, 2003
Pamela Ritchie, student University Mayor, Ruth-29558621 4, single, respectfully states: Because of my
interest in the subject about talking and listening in human communication, I call the book "Anthology of language" by Rafael Echeverria, to your library for better information on mencionado.POR theme thus requested the inclusion of that book in your catalog.
CAREFULLY, Mrs DIRECTOR OF LIBRARIES .

How to make your Curriculum Vitae?

Remember ...
The first goal you're looking for when preparing your resume is to get an interview.
Your resume plays a triple role:
1. Introduce yourself to your future employer.
2. Focus attention during the first interview most important aspects of your personality and your academic course work.
3. After the interview, remind your future employer data that best speak to you.

your resume should highlight the strengths of your biography and complying with the role you play in the company. This means that sometimes need to modify your CV as a function of the job you are applying.

How to structure your CV

1. It should give it a title: "Curriculum Vitae "(name of person), or just" Curriculum Vitae ".
2. Then come the various parties that a resume should always have:
1. Personal: Full name, date and place of birth, marital status, home address, contact phone number, email address, etc.
2. Education: Studies that have performed, giving dates, center and place have been made.
3. Other securities and Seminars: Additional studies to improve your education university college, including the date, the Centre where they were made.
4. Professional Experience: Work experience related to the university or that may be of interest to the company you want to hire you. Do not forget to note the dates, the company where they worked and the functions and tasks performed.
5. Languages: This section mention the languages \u200b\u200byou know and your level. If you obtained a recognized qualification, such as the 'First Certificate' in English, attesting to your knowledge in these areas, indicate this.
6. Computer: out those computer skills that you possess: operating systems, word processors, spreadsheets, databases, graphic design, Internet, etc.
7. Other Interesting Facts: This final section outlines all aspects that have not been included yet, such as driving licenses, military service or availability, etc.

How to submit your Curriculum Vitae
There are three ways to submit a Curriculum Vitae:
1. Chronological
2. Reverse chronological
3. Functional.

the chronological resume allows
present information starting from the oldest to the most recent. This format has the advantage of highlighting the evolution followed. Underlines stability and upward mobility in your career. His chronological presentation offers the ideal solution for the next interview.
The reverse chronological resume
less traditional, this presentation will gain more ground every day. Is to start by the most recent data. Has the advantage of highlighting your past experiences that are obviously of interest most likely to hire people.
The functional resume
disseminates information by topic and provides a quick understanding of your background and experience in a particular area. It is a perfect marketing tool because, as not follow a chronological progression, to select the positive and ignore any errors of course, periods of unemployment, frequent job changes ...
specialist selection and recruitment of staff is accustomed to these three styles of resumes, so you should choose the one that most closely matches your profile.

CV Example
Remember ...
· Your resume should not exceed two pages.
· You have to take care of the style and avoid spelling errors.
· Before sending it, should be submitted to a critical reading by third parties.
· You have to look after picture: paper quality, content-appropriate characters, airy presentation that facilitates reading ...
• The attached photograph must be recent and passport.

How to make your resume interesting?
Summarize your personal background, suffice it to say your name, address, telephone number, date of birth, marital status and occupation.
Include your picture and forms of income when requested. The photograph should be formal, date and card type
Be brief and precise information that you submit. Remember employers have limited time to read extensive curriculum. Print your resume
graphically appealing, noting names and highlight important history.
Accompany your resume with a cover letter that will enhance your skills, knowledge and achievements for the specific position you are applying.
Mention if you have language skills and highlight this only if you can speak and write perfectly.
Mention if you have computer skills and proficiency.
Indicate if you have expertise to contribute to improved performance of the particular position which postulates. Regarding
courses or seminars, refer only to those made lately.
Highlight your major achievements in their job performance, use action verbs as I planned, organized, implemented, developed, and so on. Order
work experience and information from the companies that have worked, in reverse chronological order.

Check this out and see what's hidden curriculum.

NEW KINDS OF CURRICULUM