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How to write a scientific paper


SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

Summary:

One of the great problems facing a arises when a researcher has to make known their results or socializing, because writing is no easy task, especially when today's world moves further into a kind of scientific vocabulary words appear very complex, as a manifestation of such changes. From this problem, this paper has the objective propose a group suggestions that contribute to the work of writing a scientific paper will become an act of pleasure and enjoyment of Who has the difficult task to seek solutions to problems and are known by all: scientific community, professional and society in general.

Keywords:

Article scientific scientific writing sections of the scientific paper, scientific paper rules.

Introduction:

The inevitable epilogue a research is the publication of their results so they can be shared and verified by the other the scientific community and, when appropriately validated, incorporated into the gigantic encyclopedia of human knowledge.

Many works of popular science topics intended to complete very information in a single article or program, having too much information , the receiver loses interest by communication.

Any communication implies some community repertoire between the receiver and transmitter. If this is not adequate, you lose efficiency instant message. One of the main obstacles to good communication of science is language, most work on the difficulties of the dissemination of science address this problem.

The communication and scientific presentation, whether in journals, conferences or other forms of presentation, has gained great importance due to the potential impact it can represent work of research.

The literary writing has different purposes: to express a feeling poets, storytellers entertain with a story , essayists analyze a topic and try to convince us of their point of view without But to achieve its goals these authors use various literary resources, such as metaphor, the figurative, florid vocabulary and mystery.

The scientific writing is very different from the above, because has only one purpose: to inform the result of an investigation . We do not want fun, not sad, nor educate the reader, goal is to communicate clearly the result of an investigation. Therefore, to write a good scientific paper should not be born with a gift or a special creative ability.

From these elements of our work is aimed specialists offer Social Sciences, general methodological rules that allow them to write a good scientific paper formulate a set of recommendations to improve communication , and within it, the information dissemination and of scientific results.

To achieve the objectives proposed, an extensive literature review on the subject, which in the new conditions of development of communication and information requires new and efficient ways.

Development:

The process of scientific writing, the investigator must take into account different factors that will contribute to achieving its goal : write a scientific paper, hence it is recommended the following aspects of significance:

What is a scientific paper?:

scientific paper in general is defined as a report written and published describes original of an investigation: is written for others not for me .

The scientific paper, not a written that the author keeps to himself, but must be sufficiently clear so that third parties get the message concrete you really want to convey. In other words we can summarize that the scientific article:

· A report on results of scientific research ,

· Refer to a scientific problem.

· The research results should be valid and reliable.

· first reported the results of an investigation

The Guidelines for writing scientific articles published by UNESCO, noted that the main purpose of a scientific paper is to report the results of investigations , ideas and discussions in a clear, concise and accurate. That is why writing a good scientific paper is to learn and apply the three fundamental principles of scientific writing:

· Precision

· Clarity and

· Brevity.

Write a scientific paper does not mean having special gifts, but requires creative skills and abilities can learn any researcher.

Criteria for writing effective :

1. logical rigor
Replicability
3. Clarity and conciseness of style
4. Originality
5. Precision
6. Size
7. Compatibility with ethics
8. Significance
9. Relevance

publication is valid for excellence (scientific article, original article and primary publication are synonymous) and all scientific journals have a section wide dedicated to publishing original articles, written reports for the first time the results of an investigation

There are two types of scientific articles:

1. Article formal.
2. The research note.

Both have the same structure and function but investigative notes are shorter and usually do not have sections subtitled ( Introduction , Materiales y Métodos , etc.). Suelen ocupar una media de 4-5 páginas de una revista (manuscritos de 12 folios a doble espacio). Se acompañan de gráficos y tablas y en casos excepcionales de fotografías y dibujos . El número de firmantes no suele ser superior a seis, considerándose al primero como autor principal.

Quede claro que cuando hablamos de escribir un artículo original es necesario haber realizado una investigación previamente, en la que debe ser claro, preciso, conciso, usar proper grammar, etc. A good scientific paper always contains certain pieces of information properly organized.

Key questions to consider before writing a scientific article:

1. Why write?
2. What do I have to say?
3. How am I going to say?
4. What information is available about it?
5. Is it worth the effort of typing paper?
6. What is the format (or structure) right?
7. write For whom?
8. What is the intended audience?
9. What is the appropriate editorial for publication?

How to organize a scientific paper?

There are different criteria organization of the scientific paper and that the researcher can take into account the time of writing:

IMRYD System	Scheme 1	Scheme 2
· Introduction · Methodology · Results · Discussion	 Introduction  Material and methods  Results  Discussion	 Summary (Abstract) - resume content Item.  Introduction, "reports the purpose and importance of work.  Materials and methods - explains how research was done.  Results-presents the experimental data.  talk, "explains the results and compares them with prior knowledge of the subject.  Literature Cited "lists the references cited in the text .

Some authors disaggregate the Conclusions section, while others considered in the Discussion.

What are the rules to take into consideration in preparing a scientific paper?

· Title: should be expressed in 15 words describing the contents of the article in a clear, accurate and concise.

· Record up to six authors in the order of importance of material and significant contribution to research.

· identify the institution or institutions where the research was conducted

· Include a structured abstract that between 150 and 300 words to quickly identify and correct the basic content of the article.

· Introduction should explain the general problem, the research, what others wrote about it and objectives and hypothesis of the study.

· Methods: We describe the design research and explain how it was implemented, justifying the choice of methods and techniques in such a way that a competent reader could repeat the study.

· Submit description in the sequence followed by the research: design , population and shows , variables , data collection , analysis, etc.

· present the results of citing relevant research findings (including opponents of the hypothesis thesis), including sufficient detail to justify conclusions.

· Use appropriate means of presentation, clear and economical, preferably text (in time past), tables and graphs (self explanatory) and illustrations (only the essentials).

· In the discussion to show the relationships among observed facts.

· inferring or deducing conclusions establish the truth, answering the research question posed in the introduction .

· In the acknowledgments, to recognize the services of persons or institutions that really helped in the investigation, who assisted in drafting the article or revised the manuscript.

· List references in order of mention in the text and only major work and recent publications (except classic).

· Exclude references consulted by the author. Adopt the Vancouver style.

· as Appendices include relevant information or configuration because of its size does not fit within the text.

In a scientific paper can be found several main sections:
I-The title

The title should be short, concise and clear. It is advisable that the title should be written after writing the core of the manuscript ( introduction, material, methods, Results and discussion).

Titles can be informative ("High incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers) or indicative (" Incidence of myocardial infarction in smokers.)

II-How to make a summary?

A good summary should enable the reader to identify quickly and accurately, the core content of the work, not be longer than 250 words should be written in the past, except the last paragraph or concluding phrase. No information to report or conclusions que no está presente en el texto, así como tampoco debe citar referencias bibliográficas. Debe quedar claro el problema que se investiga y el objetivo del mismo.

En general, el Resumen debe:

- Plantear los principales objetivos y el alcance de la investigación.

- Describir la metodología empleada.

- Resumir los resultados

- Generalizar con las principales conclusiones.

The most common mistakes in writing the summary are:

· not clearly raise the question

· be too long

· be too detailed

III-Introduction

· The Introduction is thus presenting a question

· Why has done this work

· The interest you have in the scientific context

· Previous work on the subject and what aspects do not make clear which are the subject of our research.

· The last paragraph of the introduction used to summarize the objective of the study.

IV-Material and methods

answers the question "how did the study."

The material and methods section is organized into five areas:

1. Design: We describe the design experiment (randomized, controlled, case-control clinical trial, prospective, etc.).
2. population about which the study has been done. Described under the displays and how it has made its selection
3. Environment: indicates where the study was done (hospital, primary care, school , etc.).
4. Interventions: describes the technical treatments (always using generic names), measurements and units, pilot testing, equipment and technology , etc.
5. Statistical analysis indicates the statistical methods used and how they have analyzed the data .

V-Results

Includes tables and figures clearly expressed the results of a study by the researcher.

The results should serve two functions :

1. express the results of experiments described in the Materials and Methods.
2. Present evidence to support such results, whether in the form of figures, tables or in the same text.

The first paragraph of this text should be used to sum up in one sentence, concise, clear and direct The main finding of the study. This section should be written using the past tense.

VI-talk

Most readers will after reading the summary (though experts recommend that after reading the title, the first thing that read the material and methods) and most complex section of developing and organizing.

Some suggestions may help

· Start Discussion with the answer to the question of the Introduction, followed immediately with tests described in corroborating results.

· Write this section in the present tense ("these data indicate that") because the findings of work are considered as evidence.

· Remove the light comment and clearly, instead of hiding, the results abnormal, giving an explanation as consistent as possible or simply saying this is what has been found, although at present no explanation display. Otherwise the author, a good insurance will the editor.

· speculative and theoretical imagination and logic . This may stir the interest readers.

· Include recommendations as it deems appropriate, if appropriate.

· And, above all, avoid taking more conclusions from their results allow, as much as these findings are less spectacular than expected or desired.

VII-Bibliography

The literature will be cited as the rules required by the journal Editorial elected or scientific, so there different internationally recognized standards and must be taken into account by the researcher.

upgrade level of the scientific paper shall reflect the Bibliographies consulted and are in the last 5 years of publication.

Among

most used standards are:

· VVANCOUVER.

· AAPA

· HHARVARD. · .

Conclusions:

The investigator must take into account the following aspects:

1. That there are different criteria in order for the methodological organization of a scientific article, but regardless of this, everything depends on the publisher who receives the item, however this does not interfere with the author's style.
2. Consider the field of knowledge on which to write the article and therefore the domain that the researcher has the same, which will ensure greater credibility in the scientific community .
3. The scientific articles Social Sciences, not necessarily are the result of a primary or original research, they can be critical of opinions and reflections of other authors, book reviews Reviews, authors, literature review , among others.
4. need for scientific rigor in writing of the items, expressed as: logic, clarity, originality, ethics, accuracy, scientific vocabulary, and others.

Bibliography

Carreras, A.; Granjel, M., Gutierrez, BM & Rodríguez, JA (1994) Handbook for the development of a scientific paper. Appointment. Bilbao. 263 pp.

different authors (2003) methodology of educational research. Current challenges and controversy. La Habana, Editorial Félix Varela. 267 p.

Crespo García, Fernando (1987) The scientific article: routine or method ?. Havana, Ediciones CENSA, 323 p.

Eco, Humberto (1982) How to write a thesis . Technical and research procedures, study and writing . Barcelona , GEDIS. 267 p.

Cullell Estévez, Migdalia, Margarita Mendoza and Cecilia González Arroyo Ferry (2004) The scientific research in the physical activity , its methodology . Havana, Editorial Sport. 318 p.

Sampo

Hernández, Roberto (2003) Methodology investiogación. Take 2. La Habana, Editorial Félix Varela. 475 p.

Rodrigues Gomes, Gregory; Javier Gil Flores and Eduardo García Jiménez (2002) Methodology of qualitative research . Santiago de Cuba , PROGRAF. 378 p.

Sabino, Carlos (1978) He Case search. Argentina, El Cid. 226 p.

Authors:

Mr. Miguel Alonso Soler